Hydroethanol Extract of Amaranthus hybridus (Amaranthaceae) Leaves Ameliorates Type 2 Diabetes in an Animal Model
), Samuel Fageyinbo(2), Oluwafunmilola D. Adegoroye(3), Duncan Ota(4), Daniel Osuagwu(5), Abidemi J. Akindele(6),
(1) Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, P.M.B. 12003, Lagos, Nigeria.
(2) Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Laje Road, Ondo City, Ondo State, Nigeria.
(3) Biomedical Toxicology Unit, African Centre of Excellence for Drug Research, Herbal Medicine Development and Regulatory Science (ACEDHARS), University of Lagos, Akoka, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria.
(4) Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, P.M.B. 12003, Lagos, Nigeria.
(5) Department of Anatomic and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, P.M.B. 12003, Lagos, Nigeria.
(6) Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, P.M.B. 12003, Lagos, Nigeria.
Corresponding Author
Abstract
Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. Conventional antidiabetic medicines are associated with worrisome side-effects, hence the search for relatively more efficacious and better tolerated remedies from medicinal plants.
Objective(s): To evaluate the effects of Amaranthus hybridus (Amaranthaceae) hydroethanol leaf extract in alloxan-nicotinamide induced Type 2 diabetes.
Methods: Two groups of mice (n=5) received A. hybridus extract (2000 mg/kg) and distilled water (10 mL/kg) per oral (p.o.) respectively for the acute toxicity test. Several groups of rats were used in the determination of effects of the extract on normal and glucose-loaded rats (NG-OGTT), acute and subchronic antidiabetic study. Diabetes was induced in rats by intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of Alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg) and Nicotinamide (90 mg/kg) 5 min later. In the subchronic antidiabetic study, rats in different groups were administered the extract (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg), and Metformin (100 mg/kg) p.o. for 35 days. Daily food and water intakes were determined, while body weight and blood glucose level were measured at 7-day interval. The rats were sacrificed on day 36 and blood samples were collected for determination of biochemical parameters. Vital organs (liver, kidneys, heart and pancreas) were harvested for assay of antioxidant indices and histologic assessment. Results: The extract at the dose of 2000 mg/kg did not cause mortality and visible signs of delayed toxicity. In respect of NG-OGTT, the extract caused significant (p<0.05) reductions in blood glucose level comparable to Metformin. Acute treatment of diabetic rats with the extract and Metformin did not elicit significant reduction in glucose level. However, subchronic treatment of diabetic rats with the extract (250 mg/kg) resulted in significant reduction in glucose level on days 28 and 35, similar to the effect of Metformin. The extract did not elicit any significant effect on biochemical parameters. However, the extract enhanced in-vivo antioxidants while reducing MDA level in selected vital organs of diabetic rats. The extract preserved body weight gain in diabetic rats with no significant deleterious changes in respect of histology of selected vital organs.
Conclusion: The results obtained in this study suggest that the hydroethanol extract of Amaranthus hybridus possess beneficial effects in an animal model of Type 2 diabetes and may therefore be useful as nutraceutical agent in the management of diabetes.Keywords
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