Nigerian Society For Pharmacological Sciences And Experimental Therapeutics
Preliminary pages of the NISPET Volume 1, Issue 1
Copyright (c) 2026 Nigerian Society For Pharmacological Sciences And Experimental Therapeutics
TABLE OF CONTENTS Afolayan, O.O, Afolayan, G.O, Ajigbotesho Y.R., Matti R.A. Effect of Calcium Carbide-Ripened Bananas and Protective Role of Glycine and Blackseed Oil on Liver and Kidney Function 1 Louis O. Odeigah, Olalekan A. Agede, Odiakaose P. Odeigah, Dapo S. Oyedepo, Olawale S. Aiyedun, Nasiru Sanni, Wemimo A. Alaofin, Obinna Christopher Anaduaka Genetic Landscapes of HIV: Evolutionary Dynamics and Implications for Global Public Health and Therapeutic Strategies 14 Godwin C. Akuodor, Casimir C. Ofor, Joseph L. Akpan, Emmanuel C. Orji, Kenneth A. Nwankwo, Gideon A. Ibiam, Alexander O. Nwoga, Daniel O. J. Aja, John I. Idume. Antiplasmodial activity of the ethanol leaf extract of Alysicarpus vaginalis in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice 23 Oyeronke T. Animashaun, Fisayo N. Ogunleye, Akeem A. Ayankunle, Olayemi K. Wakeel Saheed O. Animashaun, Olaleye S. Aremu, Isaac D. Asiyanbola, Ebunlomo B. Akinsola, Yanmife D. Adeniran Renoprotective Effects of the Ethanol Leaf Nymphaea lotus (Linn.) in Glycerol-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Rats 29 Quadri O. Bakare, Kosisochukwu V. Arinze, Jemilat A. Bello, Victoria I. Onanubi, Esther O. Ayorinde, Omoniyi K. Yemitan Neuropharmacological activity of Hydroethanol Leaf Extract of Carica papaya Linn in Swiss Albino Mice 38 Oyetunji T. Kolawole, Oluwatosin M. Adewole, Emmanuel A. Soetan, Akeem A. Ayankunle, Olayemi K. Wakeel, Oluwaseyi A. Adeyeba Seasonal variation in the protective property of Ficus exasperata leaf extract against potassium bromate-induced toxicity 48 Samuel Frankline J., Afolayan Olasunmbo O., Ishola Ismail O. Neuroprotective Potential of Vinpocetine in Drosophila Melanogaster Genetic Model of Parkinson Disease 57 Omonkhelin J. Owolabi, Favour Agonor, Olapeju I. Bolanle, Abigail M. Akhigbemen, 1Vee I. Victor, Silvanus O. Innih Evaluation of the Analgesic Effect of the Combined Aqueous Extracts of Zingiber officinale Rhizome and Myristica fragrans Seeds 68 Benneth Ben-Azu, Jerome N. Asiwe, Benjamin Oritsemuelebi, Emmanuel O. Chidebe, Jackson E. Onuelu, Happy Isibor, Orovwigho Ogheneoruese, Winifred E. Demaki, Mega O Oyovwi, Emuesiri G. Moke Naringin attenuates cardiac and renal oxidative-inflammatory alterations in mice exposed to posttraumatic stress-induced alcohol use disorders 76 Oyetunji T. Kolawole, Emmanuel A. Soetan, Oluwatosin M. Adewole, Adetunji A. Habeebat, Akeem A. Ayankunle, Olayemi K. Wakeel, Oluwaseyi O. Adeyeba Seizure-modulating compounds identified in the leaves of Newbouldia laevis 86 Ishola Ismail O., Afolayan Olasunmbo O., Ogunnoiki Adebimpe O Targeting Neuroadaptation in Tramadol Dependence: Systematic Review of Anticonvulsant Efficacy and Safety 101 Samuel O. Olusola, Kosisochukwu Arinze, Omoniyi K. Yemitan, Kazeem A. Oshikoya Comparative Efficacy Study of the Antidepressant Effect of St. John’s Wort (Hypericum Perforatum) and Escitalopram in Animal Models 107 i Adeyipo Temilade Feyi, Bakre G. Adewale, Akanmu Moses Atanda Evaluation of Sub-chronic Toxicity Effect of n-Hexane fraction of Cannabis sativa Leaves in Mice 145 Adeola O. Adesola, Samuel Fageyinbo, Oluwafunmilola D. Adegoroye, Duncan Ota, Daniel Osuagwu, Abidemi J. Akindele Hydroethanol Extract of Amaranthus hybridus (Amaranthaceae) Leaves Ameliorates Type 2 Diabetes in an Animal Model 156 Aliyu O. Fati, Abubakar M. Garba, Umar Z. Usman, Saidu Kasimu, Onwuchekwa Chinedu MicroRNA Dysregulation in NSAID/Stress-Induced Gastric Ulcers: Restoration of Mucosal Integrity via RNA-Mediated Healing by Phytochemicals (A narrative review) 176 Fatima I. Hassan, Fatima S. Umar, Ramatu O. Bello, and Medinat Y. Abbas Methanol Leaf Extract of Dalbergia saxatilis Altered Nuetrophil Migration and Oxidative Stress Markers using Carrageenan-Induced Peritonitis in Albino Mice 193 Danjuma M, Nuhu M. Danjuma, Mohammed G. Magaji, Abdullahi B. Nazifi, Micah T, Abdulfatai A. Jimoh, Amina B. Olorukooba, Ben A. Chindo Modulation of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines by Ethanol Leaf Extract and Aqueous Fraction of Rothmannia longiflora Salisb 201 ii
Effect of Calcium Carbide-Ripened Bananas and Protective Role of Glycine and Blackseed Oil on Liver and Kidney Function
Background: Artificial fruit ripening with calcium carbide remains widespread in low- and middle-income countries because it is inexpensive and readily available, despite being banned for human consumption. Given the growing presence of chemically ripened fruits in many communities, there is an urgent need to identify affordable dietary interventions that may mitigate organ damage. Method: Sixty male Wistar rats were divided into ten groups and fed composite diets containing either naturally ripened (control), calcium carbide–ripened, arseniccontaminated, or market-ripened bananas, with some groups receiving glycine or black seed oil supplementation for four weeks. After treatment, blood, liver, and kidney samples were analyzed for biochemical markers, heavy metal content, and tissue histology. Results: Results showed that rats fed calcium carbide–ripened or arseniccontaminated bananas had significantly elevated liver and kidney biomarkers such as AST, ALT, ALP, creatinine, and urea (p<0.0001), indicating organ damage. Histological analysis revealed severe tissue alterations, including hepatic hemorrhage, fibrosis, glomerular shrinkage, and tubular dilation. Heavy metal analysis confirmed high arsenic and cadmium accumulation in these groups. Glycine supplementation markedly improved biochemical profiles, reduced tissue damage, and lowered heavy metal accumulation, demonstrating strong hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects. Black seed oil also offered protective benefits, particularly in the market-ripened group, though it was less effective under heavy arsenic exposure. Periodic Acid–Schiff staining showed significant glycogen depletion in affected groups, with partial restoration in those treated with glycine or black seed oil. Conclusion: Artificially ripened bananas, especially those treated with calcium carbide or arsenic, pose serious risks to liver and kidney health. Glycine consistently mitigated these toxic effects, while black seed oil provided moderate protection. These findings emphasize the urgent need for strict regulation of artificial fruit ripening and highlight glycine as a promising dietary intervention against food-related organ toxicity.
Genetic Landscapes of HIV: Evolutionary Dynamics and Implications for Global Public Health and Therapeutic Strategies
Background: The genetic diversity of the HIV envelope glycoprotein (Env) gene poses significant challenges for vaccine development and treatment strategies due to its rapid evolution and adaptability. Understanding the genetic variation and evolutionary dynamics of HIV is critical for designing effective public health interventions. Objectives: This study aims to elucidate the genetic landscapes and evolutionary dynamics of HIV Env gene isolates across different populations and timeframes, to inform global health strategies and contribute to the body of knowledge necessary for HIV control. Methods: Sequences of the HIV Env gene were systematically retrieved from the NCBI database, representing a diverse array of geographic locations and time points. Following data curation and alignment, comprehensive genetic analyses were conducted using R and GenAlEx. These included SNP detections, allele frequency estimation, Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA), and Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) to assess genetic variability and differentiation. Results: The analysis revealed substantial fluctuations in genetic diversity among Brazilian isolates, with heterozygosity ranging from 0.42 in 2014 to 0.65 in 2015. Pairwise Nei’s genetic identity demonstrated high similarity between Malaysia (2014) and China (2022) (0.859) and marked divergence within Brazil across consecutive years (2014 vs 2015, Nei distance = 1.602; PhiPT = 0.621). AMOVA indicated that 46% of genetic variance was distributed among populations, with a fixation index of PhiPT = 0.460 and moderate gene flow (Nm = 0.587). Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) captured 58.7% of total variability, showing temporal shifts within Brazil and close clustering of Malaysia–China isolates. Conclusion: These findings highlight dynamic temporal changes in Brazilian HIV populations, a striking genetic similarity between Malaysian and Chinese isolates, and moderate global gene flow. The observed patterns underscore the need for regionspecific surveillance, timely therapeutic adjustments, and flexible vaccine strategies that accommodate HIV’s rapid evolution.
Antiplasmodial activity of the ethanol leaf extract of Alysicarpus vaginalis in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice
Background: Malaria is a disease condition most peculiar to Sub-Saharan Africa and till today remains a challenge as a result of the resistance of the protozoa, Plasmodium species to currently existing drugs. Herbal medicines have been used in treating this disease for years and these medicinal plants have been sources of some antimalarial chemotherapeutic agents. Objectives: To evaluate the in vivo antiplasmodial effect of Alysicarpus vaginalis leaf in mice infected with chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei, with a view to finding scientific evidence for the use of mixed water alcohol decoction of the leaf as traditional antimalarial remedy in Nigeria. Methods: Sixty healthy Swiss mice were used for the study. The 4-day suppressive test and curative effect against established rodent malaria infection in mice were assayed. The ethanol leaf extract preparation of Alysicarpus vaginalis, 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 10 mL/kg of distilled water for no drug control, chloroquine 10 mg/kg for standard control were administered orally to Plasmodium berghei infected mice. Results: The ethanol leaf extract showed that parasitaemia was dose dependently and significantly (P < 0.01) lowered in early infection, 80 – 92 % and established infection test representing 72-89% inhibition of parasitaemia, with a mean survival time of 23 – 28 days. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, steroids and terpenoids. The acute toxicity test was greater than 5000 mg/kg in mice. Conclusion: These findings show that ethanol leaf extract demonstrated high antiplasmodial activity in a dose-dependent fashion. Thus, supporting claims of the plant’s traditional therapeutic importance for malaria treatment by local population, and can be developed as an alternative therapy against the disease.
Renoprotective Effects of the Ethanol Leaf Ext ract of Nymphaea lotus (Linn.) in Glycerol-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Rats
Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious complication with high mortality rates, characterised by oxidative stress and inflammation. Early intervention is crucial to prevent progression to chronic kidney disease or death. Nymphaea lotus L. (Nymphaeaceae) is a medicinal plant used in traditional medicine for various inflammatory conditions. Pharmacological studies have established its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Objectives: This study aims to investigate the therapeutic roles of ethanol leaf extract of N. lotus against glycerol-induced AKI in rats through the evaluation of renal biochemical parameters, oxidative stress markers, inflammatory cytokines and histopathological changes. Method: Thirty-six Wistar rats were divided into six groups, each consisting of six rats. AKI was induced by intramuscular glycerol administration (8 mL/kg). The baseline group received distilled water only orally (10 mL/kg), the negative control group received glycerol only (8 mL/kg), the treatment groups received ethanol extract of N. lotus (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg p.o.), and pioglitazone (10 mg/kg) for 7 days. At the end of the experimental period, the rats were anaesthetised with ketamine (80 mg/kg, i.p.) and humanely sacrificed. Blood was collected through cardiac puncture, for the estimation of urea and creatinine levels, and the kidneys were collected for the determination of MDA, SOD, GSH, TNF-?, and IL-1?, as well as for histological analysis Results: Glycerol significantly increased the levels of urea, creatinine, MDA, TNF- ?, and IL-1?, and reduced CAT, SOD and GSH levels (p < 0.05). N. lotus pretreatment significantly reduced urea, creatinine, MDA, TNF-?, and IL-1? levels, while increasing the levels of SOD and GSH at all doses (p < 0.05). Histopathological evaluation of the kidney revealed that N lotus administration caused a marked reduction in capillary congestion, tubular damage and glomerular distortion compared to the glycerol group. The highest protective effect was seen at the dose of 300 mg/kg. Conclusion: N. lotus extract ameliorates AKI by modulating oxidative and inflammatory responses and renal function biomarkers. It shows potential as a nephroprotective agent
Neuropharmacological activity of Hydroethanol Leaf Extract of Carica papaya Linn in Swiss Albino Mice
Background: One of new medicinal plants that have gained popularity in neurological disorders is Carica papaya. In Nigeria, the leaf extract of C. papaya, either as water decoction or soaked in ethanol, is claimed to be effective in convulsions, sleep disturbances and other neurological conditions. This study investigated the anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, antidepressant, muscle relaxant and sedative activities of the hydroethanol leaf extract of Carica papaya (HELC). Methods: Different groups of mice received HECL (100 or 200 mg/kg, p.o.), diazepam (3 mg/kg, i.m.) or phenobarbitone (40 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min. before seizure induction with strychnine (4 mg/kg, i.m.) or picrotoxin (4 mg/kg, i.p.), and seizure latency and duration were measured. For each of Y-maze, chimney, traction, forced swimming and thiopentone-induced sleeping time or forced swimming tests, mice received oral HECL (100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) or diazepam (1 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min. before subjecting them to the test. Data were analysed via one-way ANOVA, with significance at P < 0.05. Results: HECL significantly and dose-dependently increased latency to strychnine- and picrotoxin-induced seizures, with the 200 mg/kg dose achieving efficacy comparable to diazepam (P < 0.05). HECL, like diazepam caused significant effect on Y-maze performance and chimney tests, whereas there were significant effects in the traction and forced swimming tests. Moreover, HECL did not cause a potentiation of thiopentone-induced sleeping time compared to control. Conclusion: Hydroethanol leaf extract of C. papaya demonstrated promise as a potent anticonvulsant at GABAergic and glycinergic inhibitory pathways. By the prolongation of seizure onset, with corresponding reduction in seizure duration, as well as its lack of sedative effect it suggests favorable neurosafety potential. Its effect on muscle tone was minimal on general locomotor; with indication for possible antidepressant effect. These support the traditional use and highlighting its potential as a novel neuroprotective agent.
Seasonal variation in the protective property of Ficus exasperata leaf extract against potassium bromate induced toxicity
Background: Potassium bromate (KBrO3) is illicitly used by food producers, especially bakers, in the preparation of bread and pastries, posing health risks to consumers. Identifying protective agents against KBrO3-induced toxicity is therefore critical. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of Ficus exasperata leaf extracts against KBrO3-induced toxicity in rats and to investigate the influence of seasonal variation on the efficacy of the extracts. Methods: Leaf extracts of Ficus exasperata were prepared from leaves harvested in January (FEJAN) and July (FEJUL). Twenty-four rats were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 6 per group) and orally treated for 21 days as follows: Group 1 (control) received 1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO); Group 2 received KBrO3 (25 mg/kg body weight); Group 3 received KBrO3 plus FEJAN (50 mg/kg body weight); and Group 4 received KBrO3 plus FEJUL (50 mg/kg body weight). After treatment, animals were euthanized for collection of blood samples for biochemical and hematological analyses. Histopathological evaluations of liver and kidney tissues were also performed. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Co-treatment with FEJAN and FEJUL significantly increased packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), and platelet (PLT) counts compared to the KBrO3-only group (p < 0.05). Conversely, serum levels of urea, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly reduced in the extract-treated groups (p < 0.05). Histological examination revealed that FEJAN and FEJUL ameliorated KBrO3induced hepatic and renal tissue damage. Notably, FEJUL demonstrated greater protective efficacy than FEJAN. Conclusion: Ficus exasperata leaf extracts confer significant protection against KBrO3-induced toxicity in rats. The extract from leaves harvested during July (FEJUL) exhibited superior protective effects compared to those harvested in January (FEJAN).
Neuroprotective Potential of Vinpocetine in Drosophila Melanogaster Genetic Model of Parkinson Disease
Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons and dysfunction in both motor and non-motor systems. Current pharmacological treatments are limited by motor complications and do not stop disease progression. Objectives: This study evaluated the neuroprotective potential of vinpocetine in a genetic Drosophila model of PD expressing human ?-synuclein in dopaminergic neurons, and also its effect on the fecundity and lifespan of Drosophila. Methods: Transgenic Drosophila melanogaster strains (Elav-GAL4<UAS-syn, DDCGAL4<UAS-syn) and wild-type flies were cultured on normal diet or vinpocetinesupplemented feed at 5, 25, and 50 µM. Fecundity, larva motility, climbing ability, memory performance, and longevity assays were conducted over 28 days. Data were analysed using one way ANOVA and multiple comparison post hoc tests. Results: Vinpocetine significantly reduced fecundity at 25 and 50 µM. It improved larval motility and climbing activity in a dose-dependent manner. A significant increase in lifespan was observed at 25 µM. Memory assay did not show statistically significant differences across treatment groups. Conclusion: Vinpocetine demonstrated neuroprotective activity in ?-synucleinexpressing Drosophila by improving motor function and survival. These findings support its potential utility in PD therapy.
Evaluation of the Analgesic Effect of the Combined Aqueous Extracts of Zingiber officinale Rhizome and Myristica fragrans Seeds
Background: Zingiber officinale rhizomes (ZOR) and Myristica fragrans seeds (MFS) are among the most important and widely used spices in cooking and in folk medicine for the management of pain. Objectives: This research study aimed to evaluate the central and peripheral analgesic activities of ZOR alone and in combination with MFS. Methods: Doses of 150, 300 and 400 mg/kg of the aqueous extracts of either ZOR or a combination of ZOR and MFS were administered orally to groups of albino mice of both gender and specific weight range. The analgesic activity of the extracts was investigated using Acetic acid-induced mouse writhing, Formalin-induced pain and Tail immersion test models. Negative control received distilled water orally for all models while aspirin 100 mg/kg (oral) and pentazocine 10 mg/kg (I.P) were used as standard reference drugs. Results: ZOR aqueous extract showed significant (p<0.05) inhibitory effect in tail immersion test, acetic acid-induced writhing and the inflammatory phase of a formalin-induced pain test in comparison with the control. Meanwhile the combined aqueous extracts (150, 300 and 400 mg/kg) showed significant (p<0.01) decrease in the number of writhes, significant (p<0.01) decrease in the amount of time each mouse spent licking the injected paw for both neurogenic and inflammatory pain phases, but the increase in pain latency was insignificant for the tail immersion test model in comparison with the control. Conclusion: In conclusion, our study showed that combined use of the aqueous extracts of ZOR and MFS seeds possesses a non-dose dependent analgesic effect, however better response was observed when ZOR was used alone, hence there may be no need to combine with MFS in pain management. This is a novel research study thus the findings will trigger numerous breakthroughs in the scientific community.
Naringin attenuates cardiac and renal oxidative inflammatory alterations in mice exposed to post traumatic stress-induced alcohol use disorders
Background: Increased oxidative stress and inflammation have important implications in cardiac and renal dysfunction associated with traumatic stress-induced alcohol use disorders (AUDs). However, little or no reports exist in literature on the cardiorenal impact of naringin, a bioactive natural flavonoid that is extracted from citrus plants with a plethora of pharmacological benefits in mice with single prolonged stress (SPS)-induced post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and AUD-like conditions. Hence, this study investigated the effect of naringin on mice exposed to PTSD-AUDinduced cardiac and renal oxidative-inflammatory disturbances. Methods: Mice were randomly assigned to six groups: group 1 received saline (10 mL/kg) as a normal control; group 2 received saline + SPS; group 3 received ethanol (20%, 10 mL/kg, or 2 g/kg); group 4 received SPS + ethanol (2 g/kg); group 5 received SPS + ethanol (2 g/kg) + Naringin (50 mg/kg, p.o.); and group 6 received SPS + ethanol (2 g/kg) + fluoxetine (10 mg/kg). Groups 3-6 received ethanol (20%, 10 mL/kg, equivalent to 2 g/kg) on days 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, in addition to concurrent medication treatments between PTSD days 8 and 21 to induce AUD. Results: Our results showed that alcohol exacerbated PTSD-induced inflammatory response and cardiorenal oxidative stress, as evidenced by elevated heart and kidney levels of nitrites, malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-6 and decreased glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. Conclusion: Naringin attenuates cardiac and renal oxidative-inflammatory alterations in mice co-exposed to posttraumatic stress-induced alcohol use disorders through inhibition of oxidative stress and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Seizure-modulating compounds identified in the leaves of Newbouldia laevis
Background: Convulsions in epilepsy and other ailments often lead to disability and diminished quality of life. Identification of bioactive compounds in medicinal plants may lead to development of useful anticonvulsant drugs. In this study, crude extract of Newbouldia laevis leaves and its chromatographic fractions were evaluated for anticonvulsant activity in mice and screened for bioactive compounds. Method: Crude extract of the leaves (N-Crude) was obtained by Soxhlet extraction and subjected to chromatographic fractionation. Three main fractions, N-Green, NPink, and N-Yellow were obtained. Anticonvulsant effects of N-Crude and the fractions were evaluated by sodium barbital-induced hypnosis (45 mg/kg b.w i.p), picrotoxin-induced convulsion ((10 mg/kg b.w i.p), and strychnine-induced convulsion (2 mg/kg b.w i.p) tests. The samples were screened for bioactive compounds using gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Results: In sodium barbital hypnosis test, N-Crude, N-Green, and N-Pink caused significant dose -dependent decrease in sleep latency and prolongation of sleep duration. In picrotoxin-induced convulsion test, they significantly prolonged seizure latency and decreased seizure duration. N-Crude and the fractions did not cause any significant difference between the control and treated groups in strychnine-induced convulsion test. They protected mice against picrotoxin-induced mortality, except in N-Yellow-treated group where 100 % mortality was recorded. GC-MS analysis of NCrude and the fractions revealed the presence of bioactive compounds. The most abundant of these compounds are benzoic acid methyl esters, neophytadiene, phytol, isophytol, cyclohexane, Isophorone, and 2(4H)-benzofuranone. Conclusion: The results showed that N. laevis is rich in bioactive compounds which possess anticonvulsant property. Synergistic and additive effects of these compounds are likely responsible for its anticonvulsant activity.
Targeting Neuroadaptation in Tramadol Dependence: Systematic Review of Anticonvulsant Efficacy and Safety
Background: Tramadol dependence is a growing public health concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. While opioid substitution therapies remain the mainstay of treatment, emerging evidence suggests anticonvulsants may have a role in mitigating withdrawal symptoms, cravings, and relapse. Objective: To systematically review the literature on the potential benefits of anticonvulsants in the management of tramadol dependence. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, we searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and African Journals Online (AJOL) from January 2000 to July 2025. Inclusion criteria were clinical trials, observational studies, and case reports assessing the effect of anticonvulsants such as carbamazepine, Gabapentin, Pregabalin in tramadol dependence management. Data extraction covered study design, sample size, intervention type, outcomes (withdrawal, relapse, adverse events). Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane ROB-2 tool. Results: Eleven studies met inclusion criteria (5 Randomized Clinical Trials (RCTs), 3 observational studies, 3 case reports; total n=547 participants). Gabapentin (300– 1200 mg/day) reduced withdrawal severity and cravings in three RCTs. Carbamazepine showed modest benefit in reducing withdrawal-related seizures in two trials. Pregabalin demonstrated reductions in craving scores and improved sleep quality in one observational study. Case reports highlighted topiramate as a potential adjunct for relapse prevention. Adverse effects were generally mild (dizziness, sedation). Conclusion: Anticonvulsants, particularly gabapentin and pregabalin, show promise in tramadol dependence management, but evidence remains limited by small sample sizes and heterogeneous methodologies. Larger, well-designed RCTs are warranted.
Comparative Efficacy Study of the Antidepressant Effect of St. John’s Wort (Hypericum Perforatum) and Escitalopram in Animal Models
Background: The rise in interest for complementary and alternative therapies reflects a growing inclination towards natural remedies for health management. Despite the proven effectiveness of conventional antidepressant drugs, their association with adverse effects limits their use. The search for alternative drugs with minimal or no adverse effects has necessitated the interest in St. John's Wort (SJW) (Hypericum perforatum). Aim and Objectives: The study aims to compare the effects of SJW with escitalopram in treating depression in animal models. Materials and Methods: The antidepressant effect of escitalopram (1-3 mg/kg) and SJW (10-30 mg/kg) were evaluated in rats and mice using the forced swim and tail suspension test. Chronic forced swim tests involve repeated acute tests over 7 days. The experiment involved 50 rats and 25 mice. Immobility time was measured and compared using inferential statistical analysis. Results: Low doses of escitalopram and SJW had similar behavioral effects in the forced swim and tail suspension tests. However, only higher doses of escitalopram and SJW showed significant antidepressant effects compared to the control group. These effects were not sustained after seven days of chronic treatment. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that SJW and escitalopram have comparable antidepressant effects in behavioral models. In contrast to acute administration, the chronic administration for seven days does not show a significant impact.
Neuroprotective Potentials of Pleurotus tuberregium Polysccharides and Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharides against Lead-Induced Neurotoxicity in Wistar Rats
Background: One of the neurotoxic chemical agents that is responsible for neurodegenerative disorder is lead acetate (Pb). Pleurotus tuberregium polysaccharide (PTP) and Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLP) are potent bioactive compounds that can be used in the management of neurological disorder. Pleurotus tuberregium polysaccharide and Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide were investigated for their neuroprotective effects against lead-induced neuronal degeneration and neurobehavioral impairments in striatum, prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of the rats. Materials and methods.: Forty-eight male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups (n=8). Group 1 served as control (Distilled water, ad libtum), group 2 received lead acetate (Pb, 25 mg/kg), group 3 were administered with PTP (100 mg/kg) + Pb (25 mg/kg), group 4 received GLP (100 mg/kg) +Pb (25 mg/kg), group 5 were administered with dimercaptosuccinic acid (50 mg/kg) +Pb (25 mg/kg) and group 6 received penicillamine (30 mg/kg) +Pb (25 mg/kg). Treatment was daily orally administered for 28 days. Neurobehavioral deficits were assessed using Y-Maze test (YMT), sucrose splash test (SST) and tail suspension test (TST). Determination of brain interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-?, anti-oxidants parameters, acetylcholinesterase activity, glutamic acid decarboxylase, monoamine oxidase, dopamine, serotonin,, caspase 3, caspase 9 and histological of the brain regions were equally carried out Results: Results showed that extract of PTP and GLP ameliorated neurobehavioural alteration in SST and YMT, enhanced antioxidants parameters in catalase and superoxide dismutase, increased neurosignalling molecules. Expression of lipid peroxidation, Interleukin -6 (IL-6), caspase 3 and caspase 9 were significantly (P ? 0.05) decreased in PTP and GLP treated group Histology of the brain administered with lead acetate showed degenerated neuronal cell while the PTP and GLP treated group revealed normal neurofibrillary network Conclusion: The study showed the neuroprotective effects of PTP and GLP and their ability to ameliorate mechanism related to the released of oxidative stress, proinflammatory cytokines, apoptotic marker enzymes and histoarchitectural alteration in the brain regions.
Evaluation of Sub-chronic Toxicity Effect of n-Hexane fraction of Cannabis sativa Leaves in Mice
Background: Cannabis sativa (Cannabaceae) has been cultivated for centuries in different parts of the world for its psychoactive property. However, despite the pharmacological potential and economic prospects, there is a dearth of information on the toxicity profile of Nigerian Cannabis. This study aims at evaluating the subchronic toxicity of the n-hexane fraction of C. sativa leaves (nHCS) in mice. Method: The n-hexane fraction was obtained from the methanol extract of C. sativa. Oral median lethal dose (LD50) of nHCS was determined in mice following the OECD 423 method. Forty mice were divided into four groups (n=10); Group 1 (Vehicletreated group), received 10 ml/kg while groups 2 – 4 received nHCS (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg respectively) orally for 28 days. Five mice in each group (n=5 per group) were selected for recovery, and the remaining were sacrificed for collection of blood, brain, liver, kidney and oviduct. After 21-days of recovery, the remaining animals were subjected to the same procedure. Haematological parameters were determined using a standard procedure while the biochemical assays were carried out on the liver enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and kidney functional parameters (urea and creatinine). Histopathology assessment was done on essential organs such as liver, kidney, brain and fallopian tube using H & E. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at ?0.05. Results: The LD50 of nHCS was found to be above 2000 mg/kg per oral. The 28-day repeated dose administration results showed that there was no significant alteration in most of the haematological parameters. However, both platelet and lymphocyte counts were significantly increased at the dose of 200 mg/kg while the white blood cell count was significantly increased at the doses of 400 and 800 mg/kg (8.80±1.50, 9.40 ± 1.20 vs 4.40 ± 0.70 x103/µL), when compared with control. The biochemical results revealed that only urea level was significantly increased at dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg and this effect was reversed during the recovery period. Histopathological results showed that there was a dose-dependent deleterious effect on the liver, kidney, brain cortex and fallopian tube that was reversed back to normal during the recovery period. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the LD50 is greater than 2,000 mg/kg and Cannabis sativa n-hexane extract exhibited no toxicity at low dose level (200 mg/kg, p.o.), but there was evidence of neuronal, hepatic, renal and reproductive toxicities at higher doses (400 and 800 mg/kg, p.o) suggesting the need to exercise caution when used subchronically.
Hydroethanol Extract of Amaranthus hybridus (Amaranthaceae) Leaves Ameliorates Type 2 Diabetes in an Animal Model
Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. Conventional antidiabetic medicines are associated with worrisome side-effects, hence the search for relatively more efficacious and better tolerated remedies from medicinal plants. Objective(s): To evaluate the effects of Amaranthus hybridus (Amaranthaceae) hydroethanol leaf extract in alloxan-nicotinamide induced Type 2 diabetes. Methods: Two groups of mice (n=5) received A. hybridus extract (2000 mg/kg) and distilled water (10 mL/kg) per oral (p.o.) respectively for the acute toxicity test. Several groups of rats were used in the determination of effects of the extract on normal and glucose-loaded rats (NG-OGTT), acute and subchronic antidiabetic study. Diabetes was induced in rats by intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of Alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg) and Nicotinamide (90 mg/kg) 5 min later. In the subchronic antidiabetic study, rats in different groups were administered the extract (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg), and Metformin (100 mg/kg) p.o. for 35 days. Daily food and water intakes were determined, while body weight and blood glucose level were measured at 7-day interval. The rats were sacrificed on day 36 and blood samples were collected for determination of biochemical parameters. Vital organs (liver, kidneys, heart and pancreas) were harvested for assay of antioxidant indices and histologic assessment. Results: The extract at the dose of 2000 mg/kg did not cause mortality and visible signs of delayed toxicity. In respect of NG-OGTT, the extract caused significant (p<0.05) reductions in blood glucose level comparable to Metformin. Acute treatment of diabetic rats with the extract and Metformin did not elicit significant reduction in glucose level. However, subchronic treatment of diabetic rats with the extract (250 mg/kg) resulted in significant reduction in glucose level on days 28 and 35, similar to the effect of Metformin. The extract did not elicit any significant effect on biochemical parameters. However, the extract enhanced in-vivo antioxidants while reducing MDA level in selected vital organs of diabetic rats. The extract preserved body weight gain in diabetic rats with no significant deleterious changes in respect of histology of selected vital organs. Conclusion: The results obtained in this study suggest that the hydroethanol extract of Amaranthus hybridus possess beneficial effects in an animal model of Type 2 diabetes and may therefore be useful as nutraceutical agent in the management of diabetes.
MicroRNA Dysregulation in NSAID/Stress-Induced Gastric Ulcers: Restoration of Mucosal Integrity via RNA- Mediated Healing by Phytochemicals (A narrative review)
Background: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and physiological stress remain leading causes of gastric ulceration worldwide, yet current therapies incompletely address upstream injury pathways. Mounting evidence suggests that microRNAs (miRNAs) play a crucial role in coordinating mucosal vulnerability and repair. Objectives: This narrative review synthesizes empirical studies that interrogate miRNA dynamics across established models of indomethacin/aspirin injury and restraint-stress paradigms, with ethanol/HCl comparators which were mechanistically informative. Methods: A narrative review was NSAIDs or sympathoadrenal ischemia with mucus failure (stress) are models of ulcerogenesis that causes cyclooxygenase-1 inhibition and atropine-sensitive gastric hypermotility, driving oxidative stress, inflammatory signaling, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis. Results and Discussion: Recurrent miRNA signatures include up-regulation of proinflammatory/apoptotic miRNAs—particularly matured microRNAs (miR) such as miR-21, miR-155, miR-181, and miR-34a—and stress-responsive miR-143/miR-152 that suppress the cystine transporter xCT/SLC7A11, thereby weakening glutathionebased antioxidant defenses. In parallel, cytoprotective miRNAs such as miR-223 and angiogenesis-supporting miRNAs (e.g., miR-126) tend to decline, collectively repressing targets involved in barrier integrity, redox homeostasis (xCT), survival signaling (BCL2/BAX balance), and restitution/angiogenesis. Interventional data, spanning pharmacologic comparators and plant-derived agents such as ginger and curcumin extracts, suggest that effective gastroprotection correlates with normalization of ulcer-associated miRNAs alongside restoration of redox tone and dampening of NF-?B/iNOS/COX-2 axes. Conclusion: Overall, miRNA dysregulation provides a unifying mechanistic layer in peptic ulcer pathogenesis and a promising therapeutic entry point. Priorities include standardized miRNA panels across models, causal perturbation with mimics/antagomirs, pharmacokinetic optimization of miRNA-active phytochemicals, and translational studies leveraging circulating miRNAs as biomarkers of injury and healing.
Methanol Leaf Extract of Dalbergia saxatilis Altered Nuetrophil Migration and Oxidative Stress Markers using Carrageenan-Induced Peritonitis in Albino Mice
Background: Several plants have been studied and their therapeutic properties have been established scientifically leading to the isolation and production of useful drugs. Dalbergia saxatilis is a plant that has been used traditionally in the treatment of swellings and some ailments. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the effect of the methanol leaf extract of Dalbergia saxatilis on Carrageenan-induced peritonitis in albino mice. Method: The LD50 was determined using the OECD, 425 guidelines. Twenty-five (25) albino mice (25) divided into five groups (n=5 per group) were pretreated with distilled water as negative control, dexamethasone as the positive control, and the plant extract (1000 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg) respectively. Peritonitis was induced with 1% carrageenan in saline solution (0.25ml per mouse). Leukocyte migration, Total protein and antioxidant (MDA, SOD, GSH and CAT levels) potential were determined. Results: The LD50 of the extract was estimated to be > 5000 mg/kg. When compared with distilled water as the negative control and dexamethasone as the positive control, doses of 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg of the extract were observed to possess anti-inflammatory potential due to its inhibition of leukocyte migration. It also had anti-oxidant activity due to the observed reduction in the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and catalase (CAT) and also an increase in levels of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH). Conclusion: Results from the study suggest that the extract possesses antiinflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. Further studies should be carried out to determine the mechanism by which the extract exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity.
Modulation of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines by Ethanol Leaf Extract and Aqueous Fraction of Rothmannia longiflora Salisb
Background: Rothmannia longiflora leaf is is a plant found in Nigeria and in most African countries which is used in the management of pain and inflammation in herbal medicine. Previous studies had demonstrated its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties but there is no further study on pro-inflammatory cytokine, hence the need for this study. Objectives: To investigate the anti-inflammatory role of ethanol leaf extract and the residual aqueous fraction of Rothmannia longiflora Salisb on pro-inflammatory cytokines. Methods: The qualitative phytochemical evaluation, acute toxicity (LD50) and antiinflammatory potentials of ethanol leaf extract of R. longiflora and its residual aqueous fraction on pro-inflammatory cytokines were investigated by Trease and Evans guidelines, OECD 423 and ELISA kits methods respectively. The animals received graded doses of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg for groups 1, 2 and 3 respectively of ethanol extract of R. longiflora (EERL) and its residual aqueous fraction (RAQF) while group 4 received distilled water 1 mL/kg as a negative control and group 5 received Aspirin 300 mg/kg as a positive control. Results: The results of qualitative evaluation revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids glycosides, anthraquinones and phenols. The acute oral toxicity (LD50) of the EERL and RAQFRL in rats was found to be greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight. The EERL and RAQFRL demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity significantly (p<0.01 and p<0.001) and dose-dependently decreased paw oedema of the animals compared to the negative control; The anti-inflammatory activity of the EERL significantly (p<0.001) inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines; interleukins-1? and tumor necrosis factor-? (IL-1? and TNF-?) and significantly (p<0.05) increased the concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6) compared to the negative control. Thus, confirming its anti-inflammatory properties. Conclusion: The EERL and RAQFRL were found to decrease the concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1? and TNF-?) and decrease the paw oedema of the animals thus validating its anti-inflammatory properties.
Evaluation of the Adverse Effects of TenofovirLamivudine-Dolutegravir Combination Regimen in People Living with HIV in Sierra-Leone
Background: Dolutegravir-based antiretroviral regimen is one of the highly effective antiretroviral therapies that were introduced recently for the treatment of HIV in SierraLeone. However, its adverse effects have not been fully elucidated in patients living with HIV in Sierra-Leone. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the adverse effects of tenofovir/lamivudine/dolutegravir (TDF/3TC/DTG) in patients living with HIV in Sierra-Leone. Methods: This is a retrospective study involving the review of charts reporting adverse drug effects (ADEs) to TDF/3TC/DTG from five Hospitals in Freetown, between 1st July 2021 and 30th June 2024, for participants above 18 years. Patient’s case files were used as main sources of data collection. These ADEs were analyzed using SPSS version 27 for the type of reactions, body systems involvement, and severity of the reaction, interventions used in the management of the ADEs and the risk factors for ADEs to TDF/3TC/DTG. Results: The ADEs of TDF/3TC/DTG were reported in 132 of the participants giving a prevalence of 35.5 %. They were mild or moderate and were mostly anorexia (29; 7.9%), insomnia (25; 6.8%), vomiting (24; 6.5%), and pruritus (2, 0.5%). Conclusion: Dolutegravir-based antiretroviral regimen of tenofovir-lamivudinedolutegravir combination was well tolerated among adult patients living with HIV in Sierra-Leone. The adverse events reported were few and mild and occurred in less than half of the participants. However, futher studies are required to investigate the safety of the regimen in children and pregnant women.