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Modulation of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines by Ethanol Leaf Extract and Aqueous Fraction of Rothmannia longiflora Salisb

M. Danjuma(1), Nuhu M. Danjuma(2), Mohammed G. Magaji(3), Abdullahi B. Nazifi(4), T. Micah(5), Abdulfatai A. Jimoh(6), Amina B. Olorukooba(7), Ben A. Chindo(8),


(1) Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria.
(2) Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
(3) Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
(4) Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.
(5) Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria.
(6) Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria.
(7) Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Abuja, Nigeria
(8) Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria.
Corresponding Author

Abstract


Background: Rothmannia longiflora leaf is is a plant found in Nigeria and in most African countries which is used in the management of pain and inflammation in herbal medicine. Previous studies had demonstrated its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties but there is no further study on pro-inflammatory cytokine, hence the need for this study.

Objectives: To investigate the anti-inflammatory role of ethanol leaf extract and the residual aqueous fraction of Rothmannia longiflora Salisb on pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Methods: The qualitative phytochemical evaluation, acute toxicity (LD50) and antiinflammatory potentials of ethanol leaf extract of R. longiflora and its residual aqueous fraction on pro-inflammatory cytokines were investigated by Trease and Evans guidelines, OECD 423 and ELISA kits methods respectively. The animals received graded doses of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg for groups 1, 2 and 3 respectively of ethanol extract of R. longiflora (EERL) and its residual aqueous fraction (RAQF) while group 4 received distilled water 1 mL/kg as a negative control and group 5 received Aspirin 300 mg/kg as a positive control.

Results: The results of qualitative evaluation revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids glycosides, anthraquinones and phenols. The acute oral toxicity (LD50) of the EERL and RAQFRL in rats was found to be greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight. The EERL and RAQFRL demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity significantly (p<0.01 and p<0.001) and dose-dependently decreased paw oedema of the animals compared to the negative control; The anti-inflammatory activity of the EERL significantly (p<0.001) inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines; interleukins-1? and tumor necrosis factor-? (IL-1? and TNF-?) and significantly (p<0.05) increased the concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6) compared to the negative control. Thus, confirming its anti-inflammatory properties.  

Conclusion: The EERL and RAQFRL were found to decrease the concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1? and TNF-?) and decrease the paw oedema of the animals thus validating its anti-inflammatory properties.

Keywords


Anti-inflammatory property, Cytokines, Pro-inflammatory, Rothmannia longiflora

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